As the Tubbs fire raced Sunday night through the mountains northeast of Santa Rosa toward populated areas, Sonoma County Fire and Emergency Services officials weighed the option of sending an evacuation message to every cellphone in the county.
If they did, that Wireless Emergency Alert notice would have been sent countywide to any cellphone network, reaching a massive number of the county’s 503,000 residents.
Officials instead sent targeted landline calls to homes in evacuation zones, and online messages, texts and cellphone calls to a relatively small number of residents already signed up for notification alerts.
Now, county officials are defending their decision even as some residents say they never received warning of the fast-moving blaze, which has destroyed more than 2,800 homes and killed at least 17 people in Sonoma County.
“If I had notified half a million people, many wouldn’t have read the whole message and would have thought it was an order for them to evacuate,” causing chaos and panic and impeding first-responders’ access to the fire, said Emergency Services Coordinator Zachary Hamill.
“People from Cloverdale to Petaluma would have started leaving.”
The Wireless Emergency Alert uses the same system as Amber Alerts and flash-flood warnings sent by the National Weather Service, Hamill said.
Messages aren’t received as texts or calls but as an alert that pops onto the screen of smartphones, complete with the distinctive repeating emergency ring. The system is managed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency with its use tightly regulated, Hamill said.
Cellphone alerts can’t be targeted to areas smaller than a county and are often used when hurricanes and tornadoes threaten multiple counties, he said. Emergency alerts on the federal system are also limited to around 90 characters in length, Hamill said.
“I stand by my decision I made,” Hamill said. “I don’t think an (emergency alert) for the entire county would have been helpful.”
If people from around the county had evacuated, roadways would have been clogged making it difficult to get needed equipment in and threatened residents out, Hamill said.
State fire officials Wednesday said that while the current priority is getting people out of active fires, they would be following up on the methods used and whether it was even possible to reach everyone with so little time to react.
“People were in bed, asleep at midnight, and these fires came down on these communities with no warning within minutes,” said state fire agency Chief Ken Pimlott.
“There was little time to notify anybody by any means.”
In emergencies where a few minutes or even seconds can save lives, the notification systems have inherent blind spots. Not everyone will get the message. Sonoma County uses a service that sends out text messages or emails when an evacuation is ordered, but residents have to sign up to receive them. The county also uses a mobile phone app called Nixle that can receive messages, but also requires a resident to opt-in to participate.
The county can also trigger automated emergency calls to landlines in an area threatened by fire, but that would only reach homes with those phones.
And the county also posts evacuation notices on a website, Facebook and Twitter.
